The invention discloses a efficient oil-water phase separation device which comprises a tank body, an oil-water inlet pipe, a water outlet pipe, an oil outlet pipe, a plurality of baffles and a plurality of filling cavities, wherein the oil-water inlet pipe, the water outlet pipe and the oil outlet pipe are respectively communicated with the tank body; the filling cavities and the baffles are disposed in the tank body in a spacing manner; the height of each of the baffles is less than that of an inner cavity of the tank body; the oil-water inlet pipe comprises a material inlet pipe body and anextending pipe; a plurality of material outlet holes are formed in the extending pipe; the filling cavities comprise filler pressing rings, fixing plates and coalesced fillers; the water outlet pipeis of an inverted U shape; the top height of the water outlet pipe is less than the heights of the baffles; the water outlet pipe is provided with a water outlet pipe vent; the height of the water outlet pipe vent is greater than the heights of the baffles; flow regulating valves are arranged on the water outlet pipe and the oil outlet pipe. According to the efficient oil-water phase separation device, an oil-water mixture passes through the plurality of filling cavities and partitions to realize continuous separation of oil and water, thereby improving the oil-water separation effect and separation efficiency. The extending pipe on the oil-water inlet pipe can reduce the flow rate of the oil-water mixture, so as to effectively avoid the turbulence of the liquid flow and improve the coalescencing effect.