The invention provides an environmental adaptability test method of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) patrol system for transmission lines, which includes the following steps: making a fixed bench placed on a vibration table of a comprehensive test box; installing a UAV with mission equipment on the fixed bench, and closing the door of the test box after the UAV is firmly fixed; adjusting the temperature and relative humidity in the comprehensive test box to preset values; carrying out vibration test on the UAV in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively according to a preset vibration frequency; and after vibration test, taking the UAV out of the comprehensive test box to make the UAV fly for a short time. The beneficial effect is as follows: the fixed bench is arranged in the comprehensive test box, the UAV is fixed on the fixed bench, and vibration test is carried out on the UAV in the horizontal and vertical directions, so that vibration test can be carried out on the UAVin two directions without taking the UAV out of the comprehensive test box, the operation process is greatly simplified, and time is saved.