The invention relates to a thermal protection assembly and a thermal protection system. The thermal protection assembly comprises a cover plate (111), a cover plate support (112) arranged on the coverplate (111) and a thermal insulation structure (113) connected with the cover plate support (112), the cover plate (111) is a ceramic matrix composite plate, and the side, away from the cover plate support (112), of the cover plate is provided with an oxidation resistance coating. The thermal protection assembly has the advantages of being capable of being repeatedly used, modular in structure, low in mass, low in cost and easy to replace, and the thermal protection assembly has a wide application prospect in the field of hypersonic aircrafts and meets the exact demands of the aircrafts for thermal insulation, the low weight, the bearing capacity, impact resistance and other aspects. Further, the thermal protection assembly is wide in application range and higher in applicability.