A blockchain-based transaction consensus processing method. A target node device that initiates a proposal performs compression processing on proposed transaction data on the basis of a preset compression algorithm, and partitions the transaction data subjected to the compression processing into a specified number of data partitions on the basis of an erasure coding algorithm. The method comprises: receiving the data partitions of the transaction data unicast-transmitted by the target node device, the data partitions unicast-transmitted to different node devices by the target node device being different; broadcast-transmitting the received data partitions to other node devices, and receiving the data partitions of the transaction data broadcast-transmitted by other node devices; determining whether the number of the received data partitions of the transaction data reaches an erasure coding recovery threshold; and if yes, performing data recovery on the received data partitions on the basis of an erasure coding reconstruction algorithm, and performing decompression processing on the recovered transaction data on the basis of a decompression algorithm to obtain original content of the transaction data, so as to reach consensus.