The invention relates to a measurement and control system for large-diameter vacuum vessel test, comprising a monitoring system, a test management system, a database system, a network system, a nitrogen subsystem, a vacuum subsystem and a data acquisition subsystem, as well as a plurality of temperature sensors, a pressure sensor, a flowmeter, a vacuum meter and a video acquirer; the nitrogen subsystem receives temperature data, flow data and pressure data; the vacuum subsystem receives vacuum degree data; the data acquisition subsystem receives video data; classifying and marking are performed respectively according to the different parts of a large-diameter vacuum vessel; the monitoring system classifies the video data and detects anomalies so as to generate a corresponding test site image and an image anomaly analysis signal; the test management system provides dynamic prediction on the data from the subsystems, compares actual measured values and predicted values to obtain differences, gives anomaly warnings if the differences exceed a first preset threshold, determining anomaly data types and data origins, and generates test management and scheduling signals in combination with the image anomaly analysis signal.