The invention discloses a desktop type cement-based material 3D printer which comprises a main framework, a moving system, an extrusion system and a control system. The moving system comprises an x-axis moving mechanism, a y-axis moving mechanism and a z-axis moving mechanism, the x-axis moving mechanism is installed on the main framework, the y-axis moving mechanism is installed on the x-axis moving mechanism, the z-axis moving mechanism is installed on the y-axis moving mechanism, the extrusion system is installed on the z-axis moving mechanism, and the control system is installed on the main framework. According to the printer, based on the Cartesian spatial rectangular coordinate system principle, a single printing spray head is adopted and cooperated with the x-axis moving mechanism,the y-axis moving mechanism and the z-axis moving mechanism, precise and stable space movement of the printing spray head can be achieved, high-precision printing and rapid printing of a printing model are achieved, and the printer has the good application prospect in the aspects of cement-based material performance research, accessorial building model manufacturing and the like.