The invention provides a rail unloading guide device and a steel rail transport vehicle. The rail unloading guide device comprises an upper cover plate, a lower cover plate, a first vertical plate, asecond vertical plate, wherein the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate are vertically arranged opposite to each other and the first vertical plate and the second vertical plate are laterally arranged opposite to each other, the upper cover plate, the lower cover plate, the first vertical plate and the second vertical plate together define a hollow channel through which a steel rail can pass, one end of the hollow channel is a steel rail inlet end, the other end of the hollow channel is a steel rail outlet end, and the hollow channel is communicated with a rail unloading hole channel through the steel rail inlet end; a chassis of an operation tail vehicle is positioned at the outer side of the upper cover plate, and a bogie of the operation tail vehicle is positioned at the outer side of the first vertical plate; a first guide mechanism and a second guide mechanism are arranged in an inner cavity of the hollow channel, the first guide mechanism is used for vertically guiding thesteel rail so that the steel rail moves in the direction away from the chassis, the second guide mechanism is used for guiding the steel rail in the transverse direction so as to lead the steel railin moving in the direction away from the bogie, thereby effectively solving the problem of scraping between the steel rail and the operation tail vehicle.