The invention discloses a processing method and system of Raman spectrum data. The method comprises the following steps that a first piece of first Raman spectrum data of a test sample is collected through a Raman spectrometer; background removal processing is carried out on the first Raman spectrum data to obtain second Raman spectrum data; and according to a Raman spectrum database and the second Raman spectrum data of the standard sample, the components in the test sample is identified to obtain an identification result. According to the processing method and the system, the first Raman spectrum data of the test sample is subjected to the background removal processing to obtain the second Raman spectrum data, the components in the test sample is identified according to the Raman spectrum database and the second Raman spectrum data of the standard sample so as to obtain an identification result, by carrying out the background removal processing, the influence of the background spectrum on the test result in the identification process is avoided, and the accuracy of the identification result is guaranteed; and the method and the system can be widely applied to the field of spectral data processing.