The invention discloses an optical fiber temperature measuring device of glass tube filler. The optical fiber temperature measuring device comprises a supercontinuum spectrum light source, a hollow glass tube filling structure and a spectrum analyzer which are arranged along a direction from signal input to signal output and are connected in sequence through single mode optical fiber; the opticalfiber temperature measuring device also comprises a temperature measuring module, wherein the temperature measuring module comprises a column type furnace and a temperature controller; the supercontinuum spectrum light source is used for generating broad-spectrum light; the hollow glass tube filling structure is arranged in the column type furnace and comprises a filling part and an unfilled part;the inner part of the filling part is filled with an alcohol solution; the temperature controller is used for controlling environmental temperature in the column type furnace. According to the optical fiber temperature measuring device disclosed by the invention, anti-resonance waveguide is formed by utilizing the alcohol solution filled in f a hollow glass tube, and linear change, caused by external temperature change, of output power in a long valley value of resonant waves is monitored by utilizing a spectrograph, so that effective measurement of external temperature is realized.