The invention discloses a circular bar buckling and anchoring assembly type shear wall composite structure system and an installation method. The circular bar buckling and anchoring assembly type shear wall composite structure system comprises vertical member connection and horizontal member connection, wherein a vertical member and a horizontal member respectively comprise a hollow prefabricatedcomposite concrete shear wall and a prefabricated composite floor slab; the hollow prefabricated composite concrete shear walls are mutually connected by a circular anchoring reinforcing steel bar; the prefabricated floor slab is horizontally connected to the top end of the hollow prefabricated composite concrete shear wall at each floor; each hollow prefabricated composite concrete shear wall comprises two symmetrical thin shear walls; a long reinforcing steel bar penetrates through each thin shear wall to form a sealed circular reinforcing steel bar; the part, exposing out of the surroundingsurfaces of the concrete, of each sealed circular reinforcing steel bar is a circular anchoring reinforcing steel bar; circular anchoring reinforcing steel bars or straight bars are arranged around each prefabricated floor slab and are buckled with each hollow prefabricated composite concrete shear wall. The circular bar buckling and anchoring assembly type shear wall composite structure system has the advantages that the operation is simple, the construction efficiency is high, the integrity, earthquake-proof property and waterproof property are good, and the popularization and application prospect is good.