The invention relates to a space target multi-dimensional dynamic optical characteristic ground test system and method. The system comprises a spherical container, a solar simulator placed on the topof the spherical container for simulating the solar radiation of the space in which the target is located, a three-dimensional motion simulator placed inside the spherical container for carrying the target and simulating pitch, yaw and spin attitude motions of the target, a background radiation simulator placed under the three-dimensional motion simulator for simulating the background radiation inthe space where the target is located, an omnidirectional test track located on the meridian plane of the spherical container, a measuring device arranged on the omnidirectional test track for movingalong a meridian direction, multiple optical characteristic observation windows and measuring devices located in different directions on the equatorial plane of the spherical container for measuringnear-field optical characteristic data of the target and a clear optical path cylinder communicated with the spherical container with the tail end provided with a measuring device for measuring the far-field optical characteristic data of the target.