The invention discloses a device for testing insulation characteristics of a low temperature insulation material based on conductive cooling, which comprises a vacuum low temperature test box, a highvoltage generator and a refrigerator, wherein an insulation cold conductive piece, a high voltage electrode, a grounding electrode and a test sample are arranged in the vacuum low temperature test box; the test sample is located between the high voltage electrode and the grounding electrode and is subjected to conductive cooling by the grounding electrode; the insulation cold conductive piece is connected with the refrigerator for preventing discharge current from flowing through the refrigerator and performing conductive cooling; the high-voltage generator is used for generating high voltageto be introduced to the high voltage electrode; and the refrigerator is connected with the grounding electrode through the insulation cold conductive piece for refrigeration and uses the grounding electrode for conductive cooling. The device of the invention can effectively solve the testing problems of electrical characteristics, breakdown voltage resistance characteristics and surface flashovercharacteristics of sheet or thin film low temperature insulation materials under conductive cooling conditions, and key technology supports are provided for the design of the low temperature insulation structure of a conductive cooling energy pipeline with a conductive cooling superconducting energy storage magnet, power transmission and low temperature fuel conveying integrated.