The invention discloses a superconductive current limiter with a composite insulation structure. The superconductive current limiter comprises a superconductive current limiting unit, an inner composite insulating cylinder, an outer composite insulating cylinder and a low-temperature container, wherein the inner composite insulating cylinder coaxially sleeves the superconductive current limiting unit along the axial direction; the low-temperature container coaxially sleeves the external composite insulating cylinder along the axial direction; the superconductive current limiting unit is fixedly connected with the inner composite insulating cylinder through inner insulating supporting pieces, and the low-temperature container is fixedly connected with the outer composite insulating cylinderthrough outer insulating supporting pieces. Through the outer composite insulating cylinder connected with the low-temperature container, and the inner composite insulating cylinder connected with the superconductive current limiting unit, air bubbles generated by the low-temperature container are blocked between the low-temperature container and the outer composite insulating cylinder; bubbles generated by the superconductive current limiting unit are blocked between the superconductive current limiting unit and the inner composite insulating cylinder, so that a radial diffusion path of thebubbles in a liquid nitrogen space is blocked, generation of the bubbles between electrodes is prevented, and the insulating effect of the resistive superconductive current limiter is ensured.