The invention discloses a rapid dust removal shot blasting machine. The machine comprises a cleaning chamber, an impeller head, a dust collecting device and a guide rail; an isolation plate is arranged in the cleaning chamber, the guide rail is arranged above the cleaning chamber and is provided with a hanging mechanism, a through groove allowing the hanging mechanism to enter is formed in the upper portion of the cleaning chamber, a covering device for closing the through groove is arranged on the cleaning chamber, a connecting groove is formed in the isolation plate, a closing device capableof closing the connecting groove is arranged on the isolation plate, the impeller head is arranged on the side wall of the cleaning chamber, a channel for recycling shots is arranged below the cleaning chamber, a dust separation device and a conveying mechanism are arranged on the channel, the dust collecting device is arranged in the cleaning chamber, the cleaning chamber and the recycling channel are provided with pipelines connected with the dust collecting device, through the above arrangement, dust in the cleaning chambers and attached to the shots can be collected and treated, the treatment effect of the impeller head is ensured, and work environment of a worker is ensured.