The invention discloses a preparation method of a ceramic fiber paper composite silica aerogel heat insulation paper. The method comprises the following steps: 1) a silica aerogel glue liquid is prepared, and raw materials of the silica aerogel glue liquid comprise a silicon source precursor, a hydrolysis catalyst, an additive and a solvent; 2) the forming is performed on a ceramic fiber paper aerogel; 3) the aging and surface modification are performed on the formed ceramic fiber paper aerogel; and 4) the drying and testing are performed on the aged and surface modified ceramic fiber paper aerogel. The ceramic fiber paper composite silica aerogel heat insulation paper prepared by the method has excellent heat insulation performance, mechanical performance, fire resistance and waterproof performance, and is convenient for construction. The preparation method avoids solvent replacement steps, the operation is simple and easy, the process is controllable, and the production can be continuous.