The invention discloses a water wall detection robot with adjustable wheelbase. The water wall detection robot with the adjustable wheelbase comprises a robot body bracket, an adsorption device mounted on the robot body bracket, and a driving wheel, the water wall detection robot with the adjustable wheelbase further comprises a driving connection bracket slidably connected to the robot body bracket in the transverse direction, and the driving connection bracket is also connected with a longitudinal driving mounting seat capable of lifting vertically under the action of a vertical driving component; the driving wheel and a longitudinal driving component of the driving wheel are mounted on the longitudinal driving mounting seat; the robot body bracket is also provided with a variable wheelbase driving device and a vertical supporting device, and the variable wheelbase driving device is used for driving the driving connection bracket to transversely extend and retract relative to the robot body bracket; and the height of the bottom supporting portion of the vertical supporting device is within the range of the lifting height of the driving wheel supporting portion. The water wall detection robot with the adjustable wheelbase can adapt to the operation scene with different pipe spacing.