The invention discloses an expanded bore pile vertical compressive bearing capacity test system which comprises a pile hole, a reinforcement cage, a load box, an oil pump device, displacement measuring rods and data acquisition equipment. The displacement measuring rods comprise a first displacement measuring rod, a second displacement measuring rod, a third displacement measuring rod and a fourthdisplacement measuring rod which are vertically arranged; the second ends of the first displacement measuring rod, the second displacement measuring rod and the fourth displacement measuring rod extend out of a pile body and are provided with displacement sensors, and the second end of the third displacement measuring rod is provided with a displacement sensor; and a strain gauge is arranged on alongitudinal steel bar connected with the fourth displacement measuring rod. The invention further discloses an expanded bore pile vertical compressive bearing capacity test method. The test method comprises the steps of punching, mounting, pouring, loading test, analysis operation and the like. According to the expanded bore pile vertical compressive bearing capacity test system and method, whenthe vertical compressive bearing capacity of the expanded bore pile is detected, the longitudinal steel bars of the pile body can be prevented from being cut off, and the original bearing capacity ofthe expanded bore pile is guaranteed.