The present invention provides a detachable segmented double-sided cooling annular fuel rod. The detachable segmented double-sided cooling annular fuel rod comprises a plurality of annular fuel rods connected in series; every annular fuel rod comprises an upper end plug, a lower end plug, an inner cladding, an outer cladding and an annular fuel pellet, wherein a cavity formed by nesting the innercladding and the outer cladding is used for accommodating the annular fuel pellet, the upper parts of the inner cladding and the outer cladding are connected with the upper end plug, and the lower parts are connected with the lower end plug; the lower end plug of every annular fuel rod is provided with 2-6 symmetrically arranged lower end plug side holes; and the upper end plug of every annular fuel rod is connected with the lower end plug of the annular fuel rod above the one annular fuel rod, and the lower end plug of every annular fuel rod is connected to the upper end plug of the annular fuel rod below the one annular fuel rod. The upper and lower end plugs of every annular fuel rod can be connected by threads and other structures, and the lengths of all the fuel rods can be randomly changed to change the height of an assembly. The annular fuel rod of the invention can be cooled from two sides, that is a coolant circulates internally and externally to cool the fuel rods.