The invention discloses a dynamically loaded photoelastic-SHPB synchronous experiment system and method. The system comprises an ultra high speed photography camera, a data processing center, a superdynamic strain indicator, a data collector, a laser light source, a trigger strain gauge, a photoelastic optical path, an SHPB loading device and a signal line; the system integrates the advantages oftwo experimental system methods, uses the dynamic photoelastic experimental method to study the rock fracture behavior, provides a new implementation scheme for studying the dynamic fracture processof rock materials in combination with the SHPB experiment system, and can study the penetrating mechanism of motion cracks in the rock materials more accurately, scientifically and quantitatively. Theobtained image data bringmore comparative verification for analyzing the fracture behavior, and the reliability and persuasiveness of the experimental results are improved.