The invention relates to a core uniaxial compressive strength measuring method and a core uniaxial compressive strength measuring device based on ultrasonic spectrum deep transfer learning. The invention aims to provide the core uniaxial compressive strength measuring method and the core uniaxial compressive strength measuring device based on ultrasonic spectrum deep transfer learning, so as to measure core uniaxial compressive strength quickly and non-destructively. The core uniaxial compressive strength measuring method based on ultrasonic spectrum deep transfer learning is characterized bycomprising the steps of: acquiring an ultrasonic spectrum map of a core sample to be measured; and inputting the acquired ultrasonic spectrogram into a trained deep learning model for predicting a uniaxial compressive strength value of the core sample to be measured, wherein the deep transfer learning model is obtained by training at least one training sample, and the training sample comprises anultrasonic spectrogram of the core sample and the uniaxial compressive strength value. The core uniaxial compressive strength measuring method and the core uniaxial compressive strength measuring device are applicable to the fields of engineering geology, rock mechanics and artificial intelligence.