The invention discloses a preparation device and a preparation method for a fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin composite material. The preparation device comprises a yarn frame, a surface treatmentgroove, a drying section, an impregnation groove, a preforming tool, a vacuum volatilization section, a solidifying mould, a cooling mould and a traction device, wherein the surface treatment groove,the impregnation groove, the preforming tool, the vacuum volatilization section, the solidifying mould and the cooling mould are sequentially arranged between the yarn frame and the traction device; the preforming tool is used for arranging and outputting continuous fiber impregnated through the impregnation groove according to preset forming holes; the vacuum volatilization section is used for volatilizing an organic solvent in a glue solution impregnated through the impregnation groove; the solidifying mould is used for solidifying and forming resin and the continuous fiber through heating;and the cooling mould is used for cooling a formed composite material. The preparation device and the preparation method for the fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin composite material provided by theinvention are simple in process and have low requirement on equipment. The prepared composite material fiber and resin are favorably impregnated, the solvent can be volatilized thoroughly, the interface bonding capacity is high, and a favorable mechanical property is showed.