The invention belongs to the application of a radio frequency identification technology in smart medical treatment. The invention mainly discloses an automatic test tube quantity identification system. The test tubes are simultaneously identified by combining tag identification and image identification, then the final number of the test tubes is determined by combining identification results of the tag identification and the image identification, and the problem that individual identification errors exist in a single identification mode can be solved by combining the two identification modes,so that the test tube identification accuracy is improved. The number of the test tubes in the containing space can be accurately recognized, specifically, the image recognition and the label recognition are used for mutually demonstrating the recognition result of the number of the test tubes, so that respective possible recognition errors are made up for, and the recognition accuracy is improved.