The invention discloses a concrete self-waterproof structure of residential building underground engineering, and a construction method of the concrete self-waterproof structure. The construction method comprises the following steps that the segmented pouring length is selected according to the structure type; according to environmental climates and temperature characteristics of different seasons, the components and the mixing amount of a composite high-performance concrete anti-cracking agent are selected reasonably; the concrete mix proportion is optimally designed according to the characteristics of local concrete raw materials; a strainmeter is buried before pouring; the reasonable construction sequence, the vibration method and the surface finishing method are adopted; and the reasonable formwork removing time and a reasonable curing system are adopted according to the temperature measuring result. According to the concrete self-waterproof structure, a set of perfect self-waterproof system is formed in the aspects of the segmented pouring length, model selection of the anti-cracking agent, the concrete mix proportion, data monitoring, field construction technical disclosure and the curing system, concrete shrinkage cracks can be effectively controlled, and the self-waterproof effect of the concrete structure is achieved.