The invention relates to the technical field of road and bridge construction, and particularly discloses a rapid lifting device for road and bridge construction. The rapid lifting device comprises a supporting top box. A take-up and pay-off mechanism for adjusting the height of a lifting tool in the vertical direction is arranged on the supporting top box, and comprises two lifting ropes wound around a take-up and pay-off wheel in the same direction, and a drive mechanism for driving the take-up and pay-off wheel to rotate. The take-up and pay-off mechanism further comprises an anti-reverse-rotating assembly for limiting and fixing the take-up and pay-off wheel. According to the rapid lifting device for road and bridge construction in the embodiment, a forward and reverse rotating motor isused for driving the take-up and pay-off wheel to rotate to take up the lifting ropes, materials are lifted, the take-up and pay-off wheel can be effectively prevented from unwinding through the anti-reverse-rotating assembly, the stability of the state of the lifting tool is guaranteed, and the rapid lifting device is safe and reliable.