The invention discloses a compression test device and method for a sliding micrometer pipe. The device comprises a pressure chamber, an air supply mechanism and a water supply mechanism, the air supply mechanism comprises an air bottle, a total air supply pipe as well as a first branch air pipe and a second branch air pipe which are connected with the total air supply pipe, the first branch air pipe is communicated with the sliding micrometer pipe, the second branch air pipe is communicated with the pressure chamber, a first precise pressure adjusting valve, a first check valve, a first pressure gauge and a first exhaust valve are sequentially arranged on the first branch air pipe, and a second precise pressure adjusting valve, a second check valve, a second pressure gauge and a second exhaust valve are sequentially arranged on the second branch air pipe. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing for a test; and secondly, performing a compression test on the slidingmicrometer pipe. The compression test device and method which are disclosed by the invention are reasonable in design and low in cost, both time and labor are saved, expense is low, allowable compression resistance values of the sliding micrometer pipe at different burying depths can be acquired, and a basis is provided for burying the sliding micrometer pipe.