The embodiment of the invention discloses an energy storage type short-circuit test device and an energy storage type short-circuit test method. The energy storage type short-circuit test device comprises a voltage input end, a boost circuit, a rectification circuit, at least one energy storage unit and a voltage output end, which are connected in sequence; the boost circuit is separately connected with the voltage input end and the rectification circuit electrically, and used for converting low-voltage alternating current into high-voltage alternating current through the boost circuit, and sending the high-voltage alternating current to the rectification circuit; the energy storage unit is separately connected with the rectification circuit and the high-voltage output end electrically, and used for storing direct current rectified by the rectification circuit so as to establish direct-current side voltage, and converting the direct-current side voltage into short-circuit test voltagethrough carrier phase shift control; and the voltage output end is used for outputting the short-circuit test voltage. According to the energy storage type short-circuit test device in the embodimentof the invention, the direct-current side voltage is converted into the short-circuit test voltage through carrier phase shift control; and the short-circuit test voltage for a short-circuit test is provided for alternating-current equipment, direct-current equipment or frequency conversion equipment.