The invention discloses a synchronous measurement system and measurement methodof a temperature field and a displacement field based on three-dimensional digital image correlation(3D-DIC). The synchronous measurement system comprises a vibration source, a calibration block, a quartz lamp heating furnace, a computer, a blue light source, a band-pass filter, a color camera, and a test sample; the synchronous measurement methodcomprises the steps that a temperature-chameleon paint color calibration test is conducted to obtain acorresponding relationship between temperature and the color of achameleon paint, then the chameleon paint is used for spraying speckles on the surface of the sample, two cameras are used for collecting pictures of the speckles on the surface of the sample, the temperature field of the sample is obtained according to the color of the speckles, the three-dimensional displacement field of the sample is obtained according to the positions of the speckles, so thatsynchronous measurement of the temperature field and the displacement field is realized. Compared with the prior art, the synchronous measurement system and measurement methodof the temperature field and the displacement field based on 3D-DIC have the advantages of being simple in operation and having full field measurement and temperature-displacement simultaneous measurement.