The invention discloses a wire strand-splitting identification method and system based on a neural network. The method relates to the technical field of image recognition technology and machine learning, and comprises the following steps: establishing a defect sample system which comprises a wire strand-splitting fault picture and a wire fault picture detection result; generating a label file by utilizing the manually labeled fault picture, and converting the label file to generate a data training set and a test set; utilizing an SSD target detection algorithm and the fault picture annotationinformation to carry out classification regression on the candidate frames, and utilizing a MobileNet network and a data set to adjust a hyper-parameter training wire strand opening fault detection model; loading the wire strand-splitting fault detection model into wire strand-splitting defect identification intelligent equipment; and the wire strand-splitting defect identification intelligent device transmitting the detected wire strand-splitting picture to the server, so that the defect sample library is expanded.