The invention discloses a tank weapon system state detection device and method. The state detection device comprises an adaptive device and an industrial personal computer. The adaptive device comprises a data acquisition and processing module, a first communication detection module, a second communication detection module and a communication mode switching module. The data acquisition and processing module is connected with a tank weapon system, and the first communication detection module and the second communication detection module are connected with the data acquisition and processing module and the communication mode switching module respectively. The communication mode switching module is connected with the first communication detection module, the second communication detection module and the industrial personal computer separately, and the communication mode switching module sends state detection data of the tank weapon system to the industrial personal computer, and switchesthe working states of the first communication detection module and the second communication detection module according to communication switching instructions of the industrial personal computer. According to the device and method, the normal operation of the tank weapon system state detection device can be effectively ensured, and the detection accuracy and reliability are improved.