The invention discloses a combustion chamber structure, and a gas water heater applying the combustion chamber structure. The combustion chamber structure comprises a shell, a combustor and an exhaustbracket, wherein a combustion chamber, and an opening and an intake hole communicating with the combustion chamber are arranged in the shell; the combustor is accommodated in the combustion chamber,and is provided with a combustion fire port; the exhaust bracket is connected between the combustor and the inner wall of the combustion chamber, and divides the combustion chamber into a combustion cavity communicating with the opening and a guide cavity communicating with the intake hole; the combustion fire port is positioned in the combustion cavity; a thermal insulation gap communicating withthe guide cavity is formed between the exhaust bracket and the inner wall of the combustion chamber; the exhaust bracket is provided with multiple guide holes and multiple thermal insulation holes atintervals; the guide holes communicate with the combustion cavity and the guide cavity; the guide holes are arranged near the combustion fire port; and the thermal insulation holes communicate with the thermal insulation gap, and are positioned on the peripheral edge of the opening. The combustion chamber structure can reduce the temperature rise of the combustion chamber during working more effectively.