The invention relates to a transmission line arrester device for adjusting an air gap according to environmental data. The device includes an arrester body in parallel with an insulator, wherein a high voltage end of the arrester body is connected with a transmission line through the air gap, a low voltage end of the arrester body is connected with a transmission tower through a distance regulation device, the transmission tower is provided with a wireless transmitting and receiving device, an infrared ranging device, an air humidity sensor and an air particle matter sensor, and measured datais transmitted to a background data monitoring center for storage through the wireless transmitting and receiving device. The device is advantaged in that the device can effectively reduce frequent start of an arrester, can greatly extend the service life of the arrester, has the function of adjusting the air gap distance, can adjust the air gap distance according to different grades of transmission lines and different atmospheric conditions and can record the air gap distance under different atmosphere environments at the background.