The invention provides an optical storage system optimization control method based on Kalman filtering and model predictive control and belongs to the technical field of power system optical storage control. The method comprises the steps of: establishing a structural model of an optical storage combined power generation system; establishing, by using an improved Kalman filtering algorithm, the time equation and the state equation of a filter; establishing a mathematical model of the optical storage combined power generation system; performing optimization control on the energy storage systemby using a model predictive control method; combining the Kalman filtering algorithm with the predictive control method to form double-adjustment feedback optimization control, and achieving the closed-loop control of the optical storage combined power generation system by an energy storage state of charge parameter. The method fully utilizes the prediction characteristics of the Kalman filteringand the model predictive control, and predicts and timely controls the optical storage combined system so as to optimize the energy storage system output and the energy storage system state of chargewhile ensuring the stable output power of a photovoltaic power generation system.