The invention provides an anisotropic layered inorganic fiber aerogel material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the anisotropic layered inorganic fiber aerogel material comprises the steps that a polymer solution, an inorganic precursor and a chloride are mixed to obtain a spinning precursor mixed liquid; the spinning precursor mixed liquid is subjected to jet spinning to obtain composite fiber aerogel; the composite fiber aerogel is calcined to obtain the anisotropic layered inorganic fiber aerogel material. In this way, the preparation method is simple, easy to operate, low in preparation cost and high in efficiency and facilitates industrial production. The inorganic fiber aerogel material prepared by using the method is composed of multiple layers of stackedmicro-fibers, has an anisotropic layered structure, and can be cut into any required shapes and stacked into required thicknesses; the inorganic fiber aerogel material is high in flexibility and compressibility, excellent in fire resistance and high in high- and low-temperature resistance and thermal insulation performance, and the application field of the anisotropic layered inorganic fiber aerogel material is greatly expanded.