The invention relates to a testing device and a testing method for a cement-based material carbonization test. The device comprises a carbonization chamber and a CO2 generating device connected with the carbonization chamber, the CO2 generating device generates a CO2 gas and injects the CO2 gas into the carbonization chamber, the carbonization chamber is an openable sealed chamber structure, the middle portion of carbonization chamber is provided with a baffle used to put a cement-based material test block, the bottom portion of the carbonization chamber is filled with liquid, the top portionof the carbonization chamber is provided with an air inlet and an air outlet, and the carbonization chamber is internally provided with a CO2 concentration detector and a hygrometer. Compared with theprior art, the device is simple and compact in structure and small in size, greatly reduces the cost, can accelerate carbonization test, improves reaction efficiency, saves energy and is energy-saving and environment-friendly.