The invention discloses a double-layer optimization fault recovery method based on an electricity-gas coupling comprehensive energy system. The method comprises the steps of building a comprehensive energy power distribution network, employing the natural gas as the standby energy, and enabling the power loss recovery amount of a non-fault power loss region to be maximum; establishing a double-layer optimization model to coordinate the recovery range of the comprehensive energy distribution network with the economy and the environmental protection, wherein the upper-layer model takes the whole network fault recovery index optimization as a target; obtaining the objective assignment of the switch state and the gray target contribution degree to the indexes by using an improved ant colony algorithm, and using the gray target target center degree to comprehensively evaluate a recovery scheme, wherein the lower-layer model takes the economy and the environmental protection property of the comprehensive energy system as the targets; establishing a multi-stage recovery model based on a multi-agent system, reasonably scheduling the renewable energy sources and the stored energy by utilizing a scheduling agent, obtaining a specific island recovery scheme and transmitting the specific island recovery scheme to the upper-layer model. The node simulation indicates that by utilizing the electricity-gas coupling comprehensive energy to recover the power distribution network, the load abandoning situation can be reduced, and the duration of the power loads is prolonged.