The invention belongs to the field of new energy device electrodes, and discloses a carbon-based polyaniline composite material and a preparation method thereof, and application of a carbon-based polyaniline composite material. The carbon-based polyaniline composite material is prepared by adding a carboxylated carbon-based material and an aniline oligomer into an organic solvent according to a certain proportion in an inert atmosphere for uniform stirring, adding a catalyst lipase into the mixture at a temperature of 30-80 DEG C for reaction, and performing filtering, washing and drying. Thecarbon-based polyaniline composite material used as an electrode of a primary battery or a super capacitor has the characteristics of the high specific surface area, the large porosity, the large energy density, the good cycling stability, a certain temperature resistance and the like, and has a simple preparation method, and can be applied to the fields of super capacitors or secondary batteries.