The embodiment of the invention discloses a cuttage rapid propagation method for populus simonii. The cuttage rapid propagation method comprises the following steps of S100, collecting and pretreatingcuttings; S200, conducting container-temperature control cuttage seedling growing on the cuttings, establishing a seedbed, conducting cuttage on the pretreated cuttings into nutrient bags, and separately controlling the temperature and humidity of the seedbed to designated ranges; S300, transplanting seedlings to a field and establishing a cutting orchard. According to the cuttage rapid propagation method, nutrient soil in the nutrient bags provides necessary nutrient substances for the growth of the cuttings, water storage sponge at the bottom of each nutrient bag makes root taking liquid permeate into the nutrient soil to promote root taking of plants, then a temperature control system and a sprinkling device regulate the temperature and humidity of the seedbed, in the early stage, thetemperature and humidity are increased to a condition adapting to the growth environment of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, and propagation of the beneficial microorganisms is accelerated; through products obtained through metabolism of the microorganisms, the growth of the cuttings is accelerated, the effective microbial community advantages are improved, the purpose of treating bacteria with microorganisms is achieved, the diseases of the cuttings are reduced, and the cuttage survival rate is increased.