The invention discloses an efficient steel roll transportation system. A steel roll bearing device, a conveying track, a circulation track, a transverse moving conveying device, a rapid conveying trolley and a PLC control system are included. The circulation start end of the circulation track communicates with the tail end of the conveying track. The circulation track comprises a first vertical track and a second vertical track which are arranged in parallel. Each of the first vertical track and the second vertical track is provided with at least one circulation trolley capable of moving up and down on each of the first vertical track and the second vertical track. A plurality of transverse tracks horizontally arranged in parallel are arranged between the first vertical track and the second vertical track and provided with unloading trolleys capable of moving front and back along the transverse tracks. The equipment base occupied width is small, the depth is small, construction difficulty is low, and economical efficiency is higher.