The invention discloses a construction risk prevention and control method and a construction risk prevention and control system for a shield tunneling machine. The method comprises data acquisition and transmission, big date storage, processing and analyzing, risk recognition and early warning. The data mainly comprises machine data, fault data, guide data, ground settling data, duct piece gesturedata and engineering data. The big data storage and analysis and processing comprise a server and big data technology related software. The risk recognition and early warning comprise steps of engineering construction risk prevention and control, machine fault risk early warning, heading parameter early warning, quality risk prevention and control, construction period risk prevention and controland the like. The construction risk prevention and control method and the construction risk prevention and control system for the shield tunneling machine based on big data analysis can establish an informationized risk prevention and control system and avoid or reduce loss to a project due to risks such as equipment faults, staff operation errors and the like effectively, so that safe and efficient construction of the shield tunneling machine is guaranteed.