The invention provides a sensor-unit-array-based binding force detecting device and method of a laser shock wave composite material. The detecting device comprises a binding force detecting system anda signal collecting system that are connected by wire. One excitation source being a laser device and a plurality of receiving sources being a sensor array are employed. The sensors are arranged annularly by using the laser source as a circle center and the array distribution direction corresponds to a composite material laying direction. The laser device carries out excitation once and the arraysensors receive multi-path impact wave response signals simultaneously; slabbing feature information in the received signal by the array sensor units is extracted to obtain the circumferential distribution of slabbing features in a laser impact area is obtained; and a damage index and a square error are defined to realize redefinition of the binding force index of the composite material. Therefore, the binding force detection problem of the laser shock wave composite material is solved effectively; and on the basis of modes of one excitation and annular multi-point receiving, the binding force index is evaluated comprehensively and accurately by using a multi-directional data fusion method.