The invention relates to the technical field of electrical detection, in particular to a cable buffer layer ablation state physical and chemical detection system and method. The system comprises a gasacquiring unit, a gas extraction unit, a sensing unit and a control unit. The gas acquiring unit is used for getting deep into a buffer layer in a corrugated aluminum sheath from a test point of a to-be-tested cable; the gas extraction unit is used for extracting gas in the buffer layer to serve as a test gas; the sensing unit is used for detecting the test gas to generate a test signal; the control unit is used for processing and analyzing the test signal to obtain an analysis result; the gas acquiring unit is connected with the gas extraction unit; the control unit is separately connected with the gas extraction unit and the sensing unit; the gas extraction unit is connected with the sensing unit. The system and the method can be used for effectively detecting the ablation of the cablebuffer layer, and the operation is convenient and safe.