The invention discloses a pipeline and clay axial friction test device and method considering a clay temperature effect. According to the scheme, the soil temperature effect is considered, the operation is simple, the practicability is relatively high, the cost is relatively low, and the requirements of engineering design can be met. The device comprises a test model box, a model pipeline, a top loading plate, a vertical stack load, a temperature control system and a traction detection device, wherein the two ends of the model pipeline are exposed out of the two sides of the test model box andare in sliding connection with the test model box; the two sides of the test model box are provided with the temperature control system and the traction detection device; and the model pipeline is internally provided with a temperature loading system and a temperature sensor. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a soil sample required by a test; performing the pipeline and clay axial friction test; performing a normal-temperature control test, and drawing a relation curve of displacement and friction force under different temperature conditions; and performing analysis and quantification to obtain a change rule of the friction force.