The present invention belongs to the technical field of electronic information, and particularly relates to a single-station multi-target positioning method in an unfamiliar scattering environment. The method comprises: using a single-station antenna array to receive direct wave signals of a plurality of radiation source targets and scattered wave signals of a plurality of scatterers in the environment; and using direct wave signal DOA (direction of arrival) measurement of the plurality of radiation source targets, scattered wave signal DOA measurement of the plurality of scatterers in the environment, and signal arrival time difference measurement between the direct wave of the plurality of radiation source targets and the scattered wave of the plurality of scatterers in the environment to position the plurality of radiation source targets. According to the method provided by the present invention, only an observation station with direct wave and scatterer scattered wave signal DOA measurement and arrival time difference measurement is needed, so that the purpose of performing two-dimensional positioning on two or more radiation source targets in an unfamiliar scattering environment with an unknown scatterer position can be achieved.