The invention discloses a method for preparing a high-performance composite material by depositing polymer micro-nano particles on the surface of carbon fiber (CF) through electrophoresis. The methodcomprises the following steps: firstly, treating a CF base material by dopamine (DA): depositing and polymerizing the DA on the surface of the CF to form polydopamine to improve the cohesiveness of the polymer micro-nano particles on the surface of the CF; and then depositing the polymer micro-nano particles on the surface of the CF through electrophoresis to improve the interfacial property of the CF and a polymer base material, wherein polymer micro-nano particles have different shapes, particle size and composition, and the surfaces of the polymer micro-nano particles contain different functional groups. The polymer micro-nanoparticles with different composition, shapes and surface functional groups are deposited and adsorbed to the surface of polydopamine modified CF by an electrophoresis method, and interaction, such as physical mechanical interlocking and chemical bond connection, between the CF and the polymer base material is improved, so that the interfacial adhesion strengthis improved. TFBT test indicates that interfacial tensile strength is increased by 40 to 144 percent and IFSS is increased by 30 to 56 percent through monofilament droplet debonding method measurement.