The invention discloses a solar panel temperature monitoring system based on an optical fiber temperature distribution tester, and a distribution monitoring method. The system comprises an optical fiber temperature distribution tester, a solar panel component, a platinum resistance thermometer, and a server, wherein the optical fiber temperature distribution tester is provided with a temperature sensing cable that is bonded on a back panel of the solar panel component, the platinum resistance thermometer is connected with a platinum resistance probe which is fixed at a position where the temperature sensing cable is bonded on the back panel of the solar panel component, and both the platinum resistance thermometer and the optical fiber temperature distribution tester are connected with theserver. With distributed temperature test by the optical fiber temperature distribution tester as the core, the invention provides a method of distributing large-scale solar panel distributed temperature monitoring system, realizing temperature monitor of large-scale solar panel. The system has characteristics of lower complexity, high reliability, simple distribution, convenience in maintenance,real-time calibration during operating, and low cost.