The invention belongs to the technical field of spectral measurement and analysis of solid samples, and particularly relates to a rapid detection system for element components of solid samples. The system comprises a focusing lens group arranged in the light emitting direction of the laser and a spectrometer connected with a collecting lens group through optical fibers, wherein the light emittingdirection of the focusing lens group intersects with the collecting direction of the collecting lens group and a sample rack capable of accommodating samples is arranged at the intersection; an air sweeping unit is arranged between the sample frame and the focusing lens group, and is used for forming directional airflow between the focusing lens group and the sample frame; the laser, spectrometerand air sweeping unit are all connected with the computer control unit. The systemsolves the problems of interference and pollution by sputtered particles in the measurement process of solid samples,especially loose solid samples such as powder pressed samples or sintered materials, and can quickly replace the samples and avoid adverse effects on measurement due to changes in height of the uppersurfaces of the samples.