The invention relates to a rate theory parallel simulation method for vacancy and interstitial evolution of a reactor key material. The method comprises: converting a rigid differential equation intoan explicit format equation with a pre-estimation correction second-order exponential time difference format; reducing difficulty in solving, using a data parallel mode, dividing a group of ordinary differential equations (including N vacancy cluster evolution equations and N gap cluster evolution equations) into n groups, and solving m equations (wherein m is greater than or equal to 1) in each group in parallel by n processes respectively, so that the solving speed of the equations is increased, and efficient solving of rate equations and large-scale rapid simulation of vacancies and gaps are realized.