The invention discloses a power optical cable fault rapid positioning method and a power optical cable fault rapid positioning system. According to the method, OTDR equipment is used for obtaining theoptical length from a power optical cable fault point to a test point, the optical length is converted into the length of an optical cable line and then displayed on an electronic map, an inspector can quickly obtain the position of the fault point in a mobile terminal and then carry out first-aid repair, a large amount of time is saved, and the working efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the inspector can also upload the on-site equipment condition to the system for updating by using the mobile terminal, so that the system is consistent with the on-site condition, and the authenticity is ensured. The system comprises a geographic information system, a power equipment database, a mobile terminal, a wireless network, a background server and OTDR equipment.