The invention discloses a space environment simulation device of a winding drum type extension rod mechanism. The space environment simulation device comprises an environment simulation container, a horizontal stretching assembly, a high and low temperature simulation system, a zero gravity compensation device and a monitoring system; the environment simulation container and the horizontal stretching assembly are in communication with each other to form a closed space environment simulation device cavity; the zero gravity compensation device is supported in the the space environment simulationdevice cavity through more than two guide rails; a vacuumizing assembly is in communication with the interior of the space environment simulation device cavity and is used for vacuumizing, and the high-low temperature simulation system is used for providing a high-temperature environment or a low-temperature environment for the space environment simulation device cavity; initially, the winding drum type extension rod mechanism is arranged on the upper surface of the zero gravity compensation device in the environment simulation container; and the monitoring system is arranged on the inner wall surface of the environment simulation container, and the monitoring end of the monitoring system faces the winding drum type extension rod mechanism and is used for monitoring stretching of the winding drum type extension rod mechanism and the vacuum degree and the temperature inside the space environment simulation device cavity. The mounting method is simple and effective.