The invention discloses a permafrost region hot rod roadbed design calculation method based on heat budget balance. The method comprises the following steps: collecting air temperature and wind speeddata of a region where a project is located, finding out physical parameters of roadbed filler and foundation soil and natural upper limit depth and ground temperature data of permafrost of a foundation, and measuring the section size of a roadbed; selecting a proper hot rod model according to specifications and engineering requirements; calculating the influence radius of the hot rod refrigeration and the influence range in the roadbed; calculating the annual net heat absorption capacity of the roadbed within the hot rod refrigeration influence range; calculating the refrigerating capacity ofa single hot rod; and determining the number and arrangement mode of the hot rods. The basic principle of the calculation method is to ensure that the annual refrigerating capacity of the hot rod isnot less than the annual net heat absorption capacity of a roadbed-foundation system, a theoretical basis is provided for design and calculation of the hot rod roadbed, the problem of design and calculation of the hot rod roadbed is solved, and the calculation method has great engineering application value. The method is simple, feasible, scientific and reasonable, and roadbed settlement deformation caused by degradation and thaw collapse of permafrost of the foundation can be controlled.